“智慧環保”是“數字環保”概念的延伸和拓展,它是借助物聯網技術,把感應器和裝備嵌入到各種環境監控對象(物體)中,通過超級計算機和云計算將環保領域物聯網整合起來,可以實現人類社會與環境業務系統的整合,以更加精細和動態的方式實現環境管理和決策的智慧。
概念
智慧環保是互聯網技術與環境信息化相結合的概念。“智慧環保”是“數字環保”概念的延伸和拓展,它是借助物聯網技術,把感應器和裝備嵌入到各種環境監控對象(物體)中,通過超級計算機和云計算將環保領域物聯網整合起來,可以實現人類社會與環境業務系統的整合,以更加精細和動態的方式實現環境管理和決策的智慧。 [1]且中國物聯網校企聯盟認為物聯網技術的發展會帶動智能環保的發展,將環境的保護實現有效化。
數字環保
“數字環保”是近年來,在數字地球、地理信息系統、全球定位系統、環境管理與決策支持系統等技術的基礎上衍生的大型系統工程。“數字環保”可以理解為,以環保為核心,由基礎應用、延伸應用、高級應用和戰略應用的多層環保監控管理平臺集成,將信息、網絡、自動控制、通訊等高科技應用到全球、國家、省級、地市級等各層次的環保領域中,進行數據匯集、信息處理、決策支持、信息共享等服務,實現環保的數字化。
智慧環保
2009年初,IBM提出了“智慧地球”的概念,美國將“智慧地球”上升為國家戰略。“智慧地球”的核心是以一種更智慧的方法,通過利用新一代信息技術來改變政府、企業和人們相互交互的方式,以便提高交互的明確性、效率、靈活性和響應速度,實現信息基礎架構與基礎設施的結合。隨著“智慧地球”概念的提出,在環保領域中如何充分利用各種信息通訊技術,感知、分析、整合各類環保信息,對各種需求做出智能的響應,使決策更加切合環境發展的需要,“智慧環保”概念應運而生。
“智慧環保”是在原有“數字環保”的基礎上,借助物聯網技術,把感應器和裝備嵌入到各種環境監控對象(物體)中,通過超級計算機和云計算將環保領域物聯網整合起來,實現人類社會與環境業務系統的整合,以更加精細和動態的方式實現環境管理和決策的“智慧”。“智慧環保”是“數字環保”概念的延伸和拓展,是信息技術進步的必然趨勢。 [2]
智能環保平臺由數據采集硬件和數據中心軟件系統兩部分組成。數據采集硬件負責采集現場的各種環境數據并將數據傳輸到數據中心,數據中心安裝智能環保軟件系統,軟件系統負責對數據進行存儲、分析、匯總、展現和報警。智能環保平臺可以采集的環境數據 包括空氣溫濕度、土壤溫濕度、CO2 濃度、光照強度、水中溫度、水中的氨氮、溶解氧濃 度和 pH 值等。數據傳輸方式采用無線方式,各個采集器之間以及采集器和路由之間采用 無線 ZigBee 技術可以自由組網,路由和數據中心服務器之間采用 GPRS 或者 3G 通信技術 進行通信。當環境數據超出系統設置的閾值時,系統會產生報警,通過聲光報警器、手機 短信和彈出窗口等形式通知相關人員,同時啟動或者關閉相關設備調節現場環境指標 [3]。
總體架構
“智慧環保”的總體架構包括:感知層、傳輸層、智慧層和服務層。感知層:利用任何可以隨時隨地感知、測量、捕獲和傳遞信息的設備、系統或流程,實現對環境質量、污染源、生態、輻射等環境因素的“更透徹的感知”;傳輸層:利用環保專網、運營商網絡,結合3G、衛星通訊等技術,將個人電子設備、組織和政府信息系統中存儲的環境信息進行交互和共享,實現“更全面的互聯互通”;智慧層:以云計算、虛擬化和高性能計算等技術手段,整合和分析海量的跨地域、跨行業的環境信息,實現海量存儲、實時處理、深度挖掘和模型分析,實現“更深入的智能化”;服務層:利用云服務模式,建立面向對象的業務應用系統和信息服務門戶,為環境質量、污染防治、生態保護、輻射管理等業務提供“更智慧的決策”。
價值分析
1)對政府的價值
環境保護監測范圍:空氣污染,水污染,固廢污染,化學品污染,噪聲污染,核輻射污染等。
智慧環保在支持環保部門提升業務能力中可以在環評質量監測、污染源監控、環境應急管理、排污收費管理、污染投訴處理平臺、環境信息發布門戶網站、核與輻射管理等方面為環保行政部門提供監管手段,提供新鮮的一手數據,提供行政處罰依據,有效提高環保部門的管理效率,提升環境保護效果,解決人員缺乏與監管任務繁重的矛盾,是利用科學技術提高管理水平典型應用,可以實現環保移動辦公還可以提供移動執法,移動公文審批,移動查看污染源監控視頻等功能。
2)對企業的價值
企業利用物聯網技術可以提高企業管理水平,對企業產生的廢水、廢氣、廢渣數量可準確掌握,如果生產線各流程產生的三廢排量過高,可影響去污設備(凈化裝置)的處理效果,三廢排量過高,去污設備無法完成凈化工作時,企業可停止生產,這樣可避免因超標排放或不合格排放所面臨的環保部門天價罰單。同時,也承擔起企業應有的社會責任。
3)對公眾的價值
智慧環保可以很好地滿足公眾對于環境狀況的知情權,公眾可通過環境信息門戶網站了解當前環境的各種監測指標,公眾可以通過環境污染舉報與投訴處理平臺,向環保部門提出投訴與舉報,從而幫助環保部門更加有效地管理違規排污企業,保持環境良好。
實現智慧環保
實現從“數字環保 [4]”到“智慧環保”的跨越,關鍵是要在原有“數字環保”的基礎上,重點加強感知層與智慧層的建設。一是利用物聯網技術,建設實時、自適應進行環境參數感知的感知系統;二是利用云計算、模糊識別等各種智能計算技術,整合現有信息資源,建設具有高速計算能力、海量存儲能力和并行處理能力的智能環境信息處理平臺,為最終實現“智慧環保”的各項應用服務提供平臺支撐與信息服務。
“智慧環保”的基礎是物聯網。基于“數字環保”平臺和物聯網技術在環保領域的深入發展,構建環保領域覆蓋全國的物聯網系統,是實現由“數字環保”向“智慧環保”轉化的第一步。在全國選擇基礎較好的地區開展“智慧環保”試點,建立環境物聯監測網絡,實時采集污染源數據、水環境質量數據、空氣環境質量數據、噪聲數據等環境信息,對重點地區、重點企業實施智能化遠程監測 [5],對各種環境信息進行智能分析,將為“智慧環保”的全面推進奠定良好基礎。
智慧環保的困境與突破之道
環保物聯網建設面臨的挑戰
首先,環保物聯網應用中環境監控、環境信息共享范圍與協同能力尚不能滿足環境保護的需要。
其次,環保物聯網應用在環境質量監測、行業、企業污染防治、總量減排等履行環保職責中還沒有充分發揮作用,影響了環境保護的效果。
第三,科技創新和技術應用的意識、思路有待進一步開拓,環境管理理念、方法、體制、機制不匹配,缺乏統籌規劃與組織。
第四,目前環境保護管理模式從污染控制為目標開始向環境質量改善為目標轉變,在這種形勢下,現有環境監控模式和能力還存在明顯差距。
最后,環保物聯網相關產業發展也滯后于應用需求,同時,公共服務能力與公眾參與水平還不能滿足日益增長的需求。
環保物聯網難題的解決之道
首先,進行環保物聯網頂層設計要明確建設理念。目前和今后相當一段時間內環保物聯網建設和應用應當以服務的理念為出發點和落腳點,服務對象包括政府的環境管理、監測和研究部門、污染排放及治理企業、其他社會機構和社會公眾等。
其次,現階段環保物聯網建設和應用必須強調周密的配套設計.前些年環保部門中相對簡單、易于實現的系統已經初步實現,剩下的全是‘硬骨頭’,并且與方方面面密切聯系,涉及組織建設、制度建設、體制創新等諸多方面,需要對涉及的建設、應用、運維的所有方面進行整體配套設計。
第三,要明確環保物聯網建設和應用的范圍,通盤考慮環保物聯網應用的服務體系、應用體系、信息資源體系、管理體系、基礎設施,統籌好各部分之間的依賴關系,使其能有效支撐、協同發揮作用;同時,要把握建設重點、合理規劃建設策略和實施路徑,確保環保物聯網建設和應用的效果。
最后,要把握好國家和地方的關系,考慮中央、地方的制度體系及其管 [2]理的優化,做好環保物聯網建設、應用和運維的財政、行政等體制、機制統籌,并通過把頂層設計上升到決策高度,保證頂層設計的落實。
環保物聯網的建設和應用關系經濟可持續發展,關系億萬民民生,需要銳意進取,周密設計,履行面向現代化、面向民生需要、面向未來的‘歷史擔當’,相信在各方力量的不懈努力下,必將構建出遠大宏偉、利國利民的環保物聯網。
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