美國Seracare β2糖蛋白（Beta 2 Glycoprotein）
廣州健侖生物科技有限公司
廣州健侖長期供應各種生物原料，主要代理品牌：美國Seracare、西班牙Certest、美國Fuller等等。
主要產品包括各種標準品、陽性對照品、單克隆抗原抗體。
其中常見的有：弓形蟲病、西尼羅河病毒、類風濕因子、瘧疾、麻疹、萊姆病、百日咳桿菌、大腸桿菌、鼠傷寒沙門氏菌、李斯特菌等陽性對照品。
美國Seracare β2糖蛋白（Beta 2 Glycoprotein）
我司還提供其它進口或國產試劑盒：登革熱、瘧疾、流感、A鏈球菌、合胞病毒、腮病毒、乙腦、寨卡、黃熱病、基孔肯雅熱、克錐蟲病、違禁品濫用、肺炎球菌、軍團菌、化妝品檢測、食品安全檢測等試劑盒以及日本生研細菌分型診斷血清、德國SiFin診斷血清、丹麥SSI診斷血清等產品。
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【Seracare產品介紹】
編號 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 |
JL-FA-01 | Amebiasis (AME) | 阿米巴病 |
JL-FA-02 | Allergens, Rast scores | 過敏原，放射性過敏原吸收實驗。指對特定的人群引起免疫反應或者過敏反應的食品中的蛋白質 |
JL-FA-03 | Allergens, Rast scores negative | 過敏原，放射性過敏原吸收實驗陰性 |
JL-FA-04 | Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide Antibody (CCP) Arthritis | 抗環瓜氨酸肽抗體 |
JL-FA-05 | ASCA Saccharomyces Cerevi | 人抗釀酒酵母抗體（ASCA） |
JL-FA-06 | Aspergillis | 麴菌病 |
JL-FA-07 | Beta 2 Glycoprotein | β2糖蛋白 |
JL-FA-08 | Beta 2 Glycoprotein IgM | β2糖蛋白 IGM |
JL-FA-09 | Bordela Pertussis | 百日咳桿菌 |
JL-FA-10 | Bordela Pertussis IgM | 百日咳桿菌 IGM |
JL-FA-11 | C-ANCA | C-抗中性粒細胞胞漿抗體（ANCA) |
JL-FA-12 | Cardiolipin | 心肌磷脂 |
JL-FA-13 | Cardiolipin IgA | 心肌磷脂 IGA |
JL-FA-14 | Cardiolipin IgG | 心肌磷脂 IGG |
JL-FA-15 | Cardiolipin IgM | 心肌磷脂 IGM |
JL-FA-16 | Cerebral Spinal Fluid | 腦脊髓液 |
JL-FA-17 | Chagas | 恰加斯病/南美錐蟲 |
JL-FA-18 | Chlamydia | 衣原體 |
JL-FA-19 | Chlamydia IgA | 衣原體IGA |
JL-FA-20 | Chlamydia IgG | 衣原體IGG |
JL-FA-21 | Chlamydia IgM | 衣原體IGM |
JL-FA-22 | Chlamydia Neg | 衣原體陰性 |
JL-FA-23 | Clotting Factor C3 | 凝固因子C3 |
JL-FA-24 | Clotting Factor C4 | 凝固因子C4 |
JL-FA-25 | Coccidiodes | 球孢菌 |
JL-FA-26 | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Neg | 巨細胞病毒抗體陰性 |
JL-FA-27 | CMV IgG | 巨細胞病毒 IGG陽性 |
JL-FA-28 | CMV IgM VCA | 巨細胞病毒 IGM 陽性 |
JL-FA-29 | C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | C-反應蛋白質 |
JL-FA-30 | Dengue Fever | 登革熱 |
JL-FA-31 | Dengue Fever IgM | 登革熱 IGM |
JL-FA-32 | DS (Double Stranded) DNA | 雙鏈脫氧核糖核酸 |
JL-FA-33 | EBNA (Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen) IgG | EB病毒核抗原 IGG |
JL-FA-34 | EBNA (Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen) IgM | EB病毒核抗原 IGM |
JL-FA-35 | Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Negative Plasma | EB病毒陰性血漿 |
JL-FA-36 | Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) EA IgM | EB病毒早期抗原 IGM |
JL-FA-37 | Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) VCA IgM | EB病毒殼蛋白 IGM |
JL-FA-38 | Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) EA IgG | EB病毒早期抗原 IGG |
JL-FA-39 | EMA (Endomysial Antibodies) | 肌內膜 |
JL-FA-40 | Gliadin | 麩蛋白,麥醇溶蛋白,麥膠蛋白 |
JL-FA-41 | Gliadin IgG | 麥醇溶蛋白 IGG |
JL-FA-42 | Gliadin IgA | 麥醇溶蛋白 IGA |
JL-FA-43 | Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBMA) | 腎小球基底膜病 |
JL-FA-44 | Helicobacter pylori IgA | 幽門螺旋桿菌IGA |
JL-FA-45 | Helicobacter pylori IgG | 幽門螺旋桿菌IGG |
JL-FA-46 | Helicobacter pylori IgM | 幽門螺旋桿菌IGM |
JL-FA-47 | Helicobacter pylori Negative | 幽門螺旋桿菌陰性 |
JL-FA-48 | Helicobacter pylori Positive Plasma | 幽門螺旋桿菌陰性血漿 |
JL-FA-49 | Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Pos. Plasma | 甲型肝炎病毒陽性血漿 |
JL-FA-50 | Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) IgM | 甲型肝炎病毒IGM |
JL-FA-51 | Hepatitis B Core (HBc) IgG | 乙型肝炎病毒核心 IGG |
JL-FA-52 | Hepatitis B Core (HBc) IgM | 乙型肝炎病毒核心 IGM |
JL-FA-53 | Anti Hbe (Antibody to HBV antigen) | 乙肝抗體 |
JL-FA-54 | Hepatitis Delta Virus | 丁型肝炎病毒 |
JL-FA-55 | HBeAg (HBV e antigen) | 乙肝 E抗原 |
JL-FA-56 | anti-HBs (HBV surface antibody) | 乙肝表面抗體 |
JL-FA-57 | Hepatitis B (HBsAg) "Chronic" | 乙型肝炎（乙肝表面抗原）“慢性病 |
JL-FA-58 | HBsAg (HBV surface antigen) Serum | 乙肝表面抗原血清 |
JL-FA-59 | HBsAg (AD) | 乙肝表面抗原（AD） |
JL-FA-60 | HBsAg (AY) | 乙肝表面抗原（AY） |
JL-FA-61 | HBV Positive Plasma | 乙肝陽性血漿 |
JL-FA-62 | HBV DNA Plasma | 乙肝DNA血漿 |
JL-FA-63 | HBV DNA Serum | 乙肝DNA血清 |
JL-FA-64 | HBV DNA type A | A型 乙肝DNA |
JL-FA-65 | HBV DNA type B | B型 乙肝DNA |
JL-FA-66 | HBV DNA type C | C型 乙肝DNA |
JL-FA-67 | HBV DNA type D | D型 乙肝DNA |
JL-FA-68 | HBV DNA type E | E型 乙肝DNA |
JL-FA-69 | HBV DNA type F | F型 乙肝DNA |
JL-FA-70 | HBV Antibody HCV Antibody Plasma CO-INFECTED | 乙肝和丙肝聯合感染血漿 |
JL-FA-71 | HCV (Hepatitis C Virus) Antibody | 丙型肝炎抗體 |
JL-FA-72 | HCV Core Antigen Positive | 丙肝核心抗原 陽性 |
JL-FA-73 | HCV RNA PLASMA Genotype 1 | 基因1型丙肝RNA 血漿 |
JL-FA-74 | HCV RNA PLASMA Genotype 2 | 基因2型丙肝RNA 血漿 |
JL-FA-75 | HCV RNA PLASMA Genotype 3 | 基因3型丙肝RNA 血漿 |
JL-FA-76 | HCV RNA PLASMA Genotype 4 | 基因4型丙肝RNA 血漿 |
JL-FA-77 | HCV RNA PLASMA Genotype 5 | 基因5型丙肝RNA 血漿 |
JL-FA-78 | HCV RNA PLASMA Genotype 6 | 基因6型丙肝RNA 血漿 |
JL-FA-79 | HCV Riba single band | 丙肝免疫印跡單波段 |
JL-FA-80 | HCV RIBA Pos. (multiple bands) | 丙肝免疫印跡陽性多波段 |
JL-FA-81 | HCV Negative | 丙肝陰性 |
JL-FA-82 | HCV RNA Pos (quantitative) | 丙肝RNA陽性（定量） |
JL-FA-83 | Hepatitis E | 戊型肝炎 |
JL-FA-84 | Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)1/2 Positive Plasma | 單純性皰疹病毒1/2陽性血漿 |
JL-FA-85 | Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 1 Negative Plasma | 單純性皰疹病毒1 陰性血漿 |
JL-FA-86 | Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 1 IgG | 單純性皰疹病毒1 IGG |
JL-FA-87 | Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV 1) IgM | 單純性皰疹病毒1 IGM |
JL-FA-88 | Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 2 IgG | 單純性皰疹病毒2 IGG |
JL-FA-89 | Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 2 IgM | 單純性皰疹病毒2 IGG |
JL-FA-90 | Histone | 組蛋白 |
JL-FA-91 | Human Anti Mouse Ab (HAMA) | 人抗鼠抗體 |
JL-FA-92 | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 Neg | HIV I 陰性 |
JL-FA-93 | anti Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 Plasma | 抗HIV I 血漿 |
JL-FA-94 | anti Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 Serum | 抗HIV I 血清 |
JL-FA-95 | anti Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 2 Western Blot Tested | 抗HIV 2 免疫印跡 |
JL-FA-96 | anti Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1/2 2 HIV (+) | 抗HIV 1/2 2 HIV陽性 |
JL-FA-97 | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Ag | HIV抗原 |
JL-FA-98 | HIV RNA (quantitative) Plasma | HIV RNA 定量血漿 |
JL-FA-99 | HIV RNA (quantitative) Serum | HIV RNA 定量血清 |
JL-FA-100 | HIV1 Subtype A | HIV1 亞型A |
JL-FA-101 | HIV1 Subtype B | HIV1 亞型B |
JL-FA-102 | HIV1 Subtype C | HIV1 亞型C |
JL-FA-103 | HIV1 Subtype D | HIV1 亞型D |
JL-FA-104 | HIV1 Subtype E | HIV1 亞型E |
JL-FA-105 | HIV1 Subtype F | HIV1 亞型F |
JL-FA-106 | HIV1 Subtype G | HIV1 亞型G |
JL-FA-107 | HIV1 Subtype H | HIV1 亞型H |
JL-FA-108 | HIV1 Subtype J | HIV1 亞型J |
JL-FA-109 | HIV1 Subtype K | HIV1 亞型K |
JL-FA-110 | HIV1 Group O | HIV1 亞型O |
JL-FA-111 | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 2 Antibody Plasma | HIV 2 抗體血漿 |
JL-FA-112 | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 2 Antibody Serum | HIV 2 抗體血清 |
JL-FA-113 | HPV (Human Papiloma Virus) Negative | 人乳狀瘤病毒HPV陰性 |
JL-FA-114 | HPV (Human Papiloma Virus) Positive | 人乳狀瘤病毒HPV陽性 |
JL-FA-115 | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Antibody HCV Antibody Plasma COINFECTED | HIV 抗體 HCV |
JL-FA-116 | Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) I/II | 人嗜T淋巴細胞病毒(HTLV) I/II |
JL-FA-117 | Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) I | 人嗜T淋巴細胞病毒(HTLV) I |
JL-FA-118 | Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) II | 人嗜T淋巴細胞病毒(HTLV) II |
JL-FA-119 | Jo-1 | 多發性肌炎抗原JO-1 |
JL-FA-120 | IgE < 5,000 Ku/L | IgE < 5,000 Ku/L |
JL-FA-121 | Legionella | 軍團桿菌屬 |
JL-FA-122 | Leptospira | 軍團桿菌屬 |
JL-FA-123 | Lyme Disease | 萊姆(氏)病:蜱傳播的全身性疾病,常在夏季發生 |
JL-FA-124 | Lyme IgG | 萊姆(氏)病 IGG |
JL-FA-125 | Lyme IgM | 萊姆(氏)病 IGM |
JL-FA-126 | Lyme Disease Neg | 萊姆(氏)病 陰性 |
JL-FA-127 | Malaria | 瘧疾 |
JL-FA-128 | Mononucleosis (infectious) | 單核細胞增多癥（有傳染性的） |
JL-FA-129 | Mononucleosis Negative | 單核細胞增多癥陰性 |
JL-FA-130 | Measles Negative | 麻疹 陰性 |
JL-FA-131 | Measles IgG | 麻疹 IGG |
JL-FA-132 | Measles IgM | 麻疹 IGM |
JL-FA-133 | Microsomal Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) Positive Plasma Standard Titer (typically 1,000-3,000 IU/mL) | 微粒體抗甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體 |
JL-FA-134 | Microsomal Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) Negative Plasma | 微粒體抗甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體 |
JL-FA-135 | Anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA) | 抗線粒體抗體 |
JL-FA-136 | Multiple Sclerosis | 多發性硬化癥 |
JL-FA-137 | Mumps IgG | 流行性腮腺炎 IGG |
JL-FA-138 | Mumps Ab IgM | 流行性腮腺炎抗體 IGM |
JL-FA-139 | Mumps Antibody Negative Plasma | 流行性腮腺炎抗體陰性血漿 |
JL-FA-140 | Mumps Antibody Negative Serum | 流行性腮腺炎抗體陰性血清 |
JL-FA-141 | Myeloma Plasma | 骨髓瘤血漿 |
JL-FA-142 | Myeloma IgA | 骨髓瘤IGA |
JL-FA-143 | Myeloma IgE | 骨髓瘤IGE |
JL-FA-144 | Myeloma IgG | 骨髓瘤IGG |
JL-FA-145 | Myeloma IgM | 骨髓瘤IGM |
JL-FA-146 | Mycoplasma | 支原體 |
JL-FA-147 | Mycoplasma Negative | 支原體陰性 |
JL-FA-148 | Mycoplasma IgG | 支原體IGG |
JL-FA-149 | Mycoplasma IgM | 支原體IGM |
JL-FA-150 | Mycoplasma PCR | 支原體PCR |
JL-FA-151 | Normal Human Plasma | 正常人血漿 |
JL-FA-152 | Normal Human Serum | 正常人血清 |
JL-FA-153 | Nuclear Antibody Centromere | 核抗體著絲粒 |
JL-FA-154 | Nuclear Antibody, Speckled ANA | 核抗體，斑點抗核抗體 |
JL-FA-155 | Nuclear Antibody, Nucleolar ANA | 核抗體,核仁抗核抗體 |
JL-FA-156 | Nuclear Antibody, Homogeneous ANA | 核抗體，同質抗核抗體 |
JL-FA-157 | Nuclear Antiobody, Speckled. (ANA) Negative | 核抗體，斑點。抗核抗體陰性 |
JL-FA-158 | P-ANCA (associated neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) | 相關的嗜中性粒細胞胞漿抗體 |
JL-FA-159 | Parietal Cell Antibody (PCA) | 胃)壁細胞抗體 |
JL-FA-160 | Parvo positive plasma | 細小病毒陽性血漿 |
JL-FA-161 | Parvo IgM | 細小病毒 IGM |
JL-FA-162 | Parvo IgG | 細小病毒 IGG |
JL-FA-163 | Parvo Negative Plasma | 細小病毒陰性血漿 |
JL-FA-164 | Parvo DNA positive | 細小病毒 DNA 陽性 |
JL-FA-165 | Phospholipid Positive Plasma | 磷脂陽性血漿 |
JL-FA-166 | Prothrombin | 凝血酶原,凝血因子 |
JL-FA-167 | Rheumatoid Factor (RF) <1000 IU/mL | 類風濕因子<1000 IU/mL |
JL-FA-168 | Rheumatoid Factor (RF) 1001-2000 IU/mL | 類風濕因子1001-2000 IU/mL |
JL-FA-169 | Rheumatoid Factor (RF) 2001-4000 IU/mL | 類風濕因子 2001-4000 IU/mL |
JL-FA-170 | Rheumatoid Factor (RF) 4001-5000 IU/mL | 類風濕因子 4001-5000 IU/mL |
JL-FA-171 | Rheumatoid Factor (RF) >5000 IU/mL | 類風濕因子>5000 IU/mL |
JL-FA-172 | Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) Positive | 核糖核蛋白陽性 |
JL-FA-173 | Rubella Chimeric | 風疹 |
JL-FA-174 | Rubella Negative | 風疹陰性 |
JL-FA-175 | Rubella IgG | 風疹IGG |
JL-FA-176 | Rubella IgM | 風疹IGM |
JL-FA-177 | Rubeola Negative Plasma | 風疹陰性血漿 |
JL-FA-178 | Rubeola IgG | 風疹IGG |
JL-FA-179 | Scleroderma (Scl-70) Pos | 膠原沉著病,硬皮病,硬皮癥 陽性 |
JL-FA-180 | Scleroderma (Scl-70) Negative | 硬皮病陰性 |
JL-FA-181 | Sickle Cell Fresh Whole Blood | 鐮刀形紅細胞新鮮全血 |
JL-FA-182 | Smith (SM) | 抗Smith抗體陽性血清（SLE的特征性抗體） |
JL-FA-183 | SMITH RNP | 抗RNP抗體陽性血清（SLE的特征性抗體） |
JL-FA-184 | Smooth Muscle (ASMA) | 抗平滑肌抗體陽性血清 |
JL-FA-185 | Sjogren syndrome antigen A (SSA) Positive | 舍格倫綜合征或干燥綜合征抗原A 陽性 |
JL-FA-186 | Sjogren syndrome antigen B (SSB) Positive | 舍格倫綜合征抗原B 陽性 |
JL-FA-187 | Sjogren syndrome antigen B (SSB) Negative | 舍格倫綜合征抗原B陰性 |
JL-FA-188 | Streptolysin O Ab (ASO) | 鏈球菌溶血素O抗體 |
JL-FA-189 | Syphilis (RPR - Rapid Plasma Reagin) Positive Plasma | 梅毒（梅毒-快速血漿反應）陽性血漿 |
JL-FA-190 | Syphilis (RPR - Rapid Plasma Reagin) Negative Plasma | 梅毒（梅毒-快速血漿反應）陰性血漿 |
JL-FA-191 | Syphilis/ATA/T. pallidum IgG | 梅毒ATA/T，蒼白球IGG |
JL-FA-192 | Syphilis/ATA/T. pallidum IgM | 梅毒ATA/T，蒼白球IGM |
JL-FA-193 | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Positive | 全身性紅斑狼瘡陽性 |
JL-FA-194 | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Negative | 全身性紅斑狼瘡陰性 |
JL-FA-195 | TG/TPO Positive (Standard Titer 1,000 - 3000 IU/mL) | 甲狀腺球蛋白/甲狀腺過氧化物酶陽性 |
JL-FA-196 | TG/TPO Negative | 甲狀腺球蛋白/甲狀腺過氧化物酶陰性 |
JL-FA-197 | TTG (Tissue Transglutaminase) | 組織轉谷氨酰胺酶 |
JL-FA-198 | TTG (Tissue Transglutaminase) IgA | 組織轉谷氨酰胺酶 IGA |
JL-FA-199 | ToRCH (Toxo, Rubella, CMV, HSV) Positive | 優生優育（弓形蟲，風疹，巨細胞，單胞）陽性 |
JL-FA-200 | ToRCH (Toxo, Rubella, CMV, HSV) Negative | 優生優育（弓形蟲，風疹，巨細胞，單胞）陰性 |
JL-FA-201 | Toxoplasmosis (Toxo) | 弓形蟲病 |
JL-FA-202 | Toxoplasmosis (Toxo) IgG | 弓形蟲病IGG |
JL-FA-203 | Toxoplasmosis (Toxo) IgM | 弓形蟲病IGM |
JL-FA-204 | Thyroglobulin (TG) Positive Plasma | 甲狀腺球蛋白陽性血漿 |
JL-FA-205 | Thyroglobulin (TG) Negative | 甲狀腺球蛋白陰性 |
JL-FA-206 | Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Negative | 水痘-帶狀皰疹病毒陰性 |
JL-FA-207 | Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) IgG | 水痘-帶狀皰疹病毒IGG |
JL-FA-208 | Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) IgM | 水痘-帶狀皰疹病毒IGM |
JL-FA-209 | West Nile Virus (WNV) | 西尼羅河腦炎病毒 |
JL-FA-210 | West Nile Virus (WNV) IgM | 西尼羅河腦炎病毒IGM |
美國Seracare β2糖蛋白（Beta 2 Glycoprotein）
當Wolynes注意到，兩種廣泛使用的細胞生物學教材對于跨膜蛋白如何折疊有*不同的意見時，受到啟發研究膜蛋白。他說：“其中一本教材，列出所有規則，說：‘這是證據表明，它是動力學控制的。’另外一本教材指出：‘這是證據表明，它是熱力學控制的。’它們以那種方式被寫入教材，好像是確定。我想說我仍然不確定，但我認為我們的工作更多地指出，折疊是熱力學(平衡)控制的，至少一次蛋白質是停留在膜中。”
Kim和Schafer修改了Wolynes實驗室使用的一種蛋白質折疊算法，被稱為聯想記憶、水介導的結構和能量模型(AWSEM)，來解釋膜蛋白所*的外界影響，包括將部分折疊蛋白質插入膜的易位子機制和膜本身。
利用這種算法，他們成功地確定，熱力學漏斗在膜蛋白折疊中似乎仍然占據上風，如同它們為球狀蛋白質所做的。
Kim稱：“我們有來自許多不同實驗室的膜蛋白結構數據庫，我們能了解在它們之間轉換的參數。這些參數兩個殘基(珠)應該相互作用的多么強烈，并考慮周圍的環境。這可讓我們能夠從原始序列做出預測。”
隨著越來越多的結構變得可用，研究人員希望調整AWSEM膜算法。Wolynes說：“我不認為我們已經了解膜的相互作用。”這表明大部分的漏斗形折疊發生在蛋白質進入膜之后，很少是因為疏水性(動力學)相互作用，疏水性相互作用在球狀蛋白質折疊中發揮了更大的作用。他說：“我的直覺是，那將是正確的。”
Wolynes說：“本文的意義在于，現在我們有一種運算法則，可根據原始的基因組序列，相當好地預測膜蛋白結構。這對于解釋新一代的實驗結果將非常的有用。”
從受精卵到成年人，人類細胞需要經歷的分裂次數可以說是天文數字。每一次分裂時，母細胞都必須將DNA精確分配給兩個子細胞。而著絲粒的完整性是細胞成功分裂的關鍵。著絲粒是染色體上的一個特殊DNA區域，是紡錘絲微管的附著之處，也是姐妹染色單體在分開前相互連接的地方。分離染色體的微管要識別著絲粒，需要該區域富含一種關鍵的蛋白——CENP-A。在細胞進行DNA復制準備分裂的時候，需要確保新舊DNA鏈的著絲粒區域填充有足夠的CENP-A。在此之前人們只知道著絲粒在G1期填充CENP-A，但并不了解這一過程的具體調控機制。
美國Seracare β2糖蛋白（Beta 2 Glycoprotein）
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Wolynes was inspired to study membrane proteins when he noted that the two widely used textbooks on cell biology have compley different opinions about how the transmembrane proteins fold. He said: "One of the textbooks lists all the rules, saying: 'This is evidence that it is kinetically controlled.'" Another textbook states: 'This is evidence that it is thermodynamically controlled.' ' It seems to be absoluy certain that the text was written in that way, and I would like to say that I am still not sure, but I think our work more often states that the folding is thermodynamically (equilibrium) controlled, at least once the protein is stuck in the film "
Kim and Schafer modified a protein folding algorithm used by Wolynes Lab called associative memory, water-mediated structure and energy model (AWSEM) to account for the external effects unique to membrane proteins, including the insertion of partially folded proteins Membrane translocation mechanism and membrane itself.
Using this algorithm, they succeeded in determining that the thermodynamic funnels still seem to hold the upper hand in membrane protein folding as they do for globular proteins.
"We have a database of membrane protein structures from many different laboratories and we know the parameters that switch between them." These parameters specify how strongly two residues (beads) should interact and take into account the surrounding environment This allows us to make predictions from the original sequence. "
As more and more structures become available, researchers hope to adapt the AWSEM membrane algorithm. Wolynes said: "I do not think we have understood the membrane interactions." This shows that most of the funnel-shaped folds occur after the proteins enter the membrane, seldom because of hydrophobic (kinetic) interactions, hydrophobic interactions in the globular Protein folding has played a greater role. He said: "My intuition is that it will be right."
Wolynes says: "What this article means is that now we have an algorithm that fairly predicts the membrane protein structure based on the original genome sequence, which is very useful to explain the new generation of experiments."
From fertilized eggs to adults, the number of divisions human cells need to go through can be said to be astronomical. Each division, the mother cell must be precisely allocated to two daughter cells. The integrity of the centromere is the key to successful cell division. Centromeres are a special DNA region on chromosomes, where spindle microtubules attach themselves and where sister chromatids are connected before they are separated. Microtubules that separate chromosomes recognize centromeres and require this region to be enriched with a key protein, CENP-A. When the cell is ready for DNA replication, it is necessary to ensure that the centromeric regions of the new and old DNA strands are filled with sufficient CENP-A. Before that, people only knew that centromere filled CENP-A in G1 phase, but did not understand the specific regulation mechanism of this process.
