西班牙Certest滅活腸炎沙門氏菌抗原（天然提取物）

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西班牙Certest滅活腸炎沙門氏菌抗原（天然提取物）

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Burckstummer和同事們希望能夠除去這一添加在19號(hào)染色體中的DNA大片段，使得檢測(cè)15號(hào)染色體上的基因功能變得更加的容易。“利用二倍體細(xì)胞開展研究，如果你在一個(gè)拷貝的基因中導(dǎo)入突變，它的效應(yīng)可以被另一個(gè)拷貝所掩蓋，”Burckstummer說。
為了除去這一跨越330個(gè)基因，近3000萬個(gè)堿基對(duì)的遺傳物質(zhì)，研究人員轉(zhuǎn)而借助了CRISPR/Cas9技術(shù)。他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)出了一些引物，使得Cas9內(nèi)切核酸酶靶向這一多余片段的任一末端，隨后篩查了生成的細(xì)胞系——大約400個(gè)不同的克隆，找到了正確刪除這一片段的細(xì)胞系。兩個(gè)克隆符合期望的zui終產(chǎn)物：生成了沒有額外的15號(hào)染色體部分的*單倍體細(xì)胞系。
Burckstummer說：對(duì)于那些試圖闡明基因突變對(duì)于人類細(xì)胞影響的遺傳學(xué)家們來說，這些單倍體細(xì)胞將很有用處。但這并不只是這篇新論文的*收獲，它還提供了*個(gè)例子將CRISPR/Cas9系統(tǒng)用于這樣大的DNA的片段。它能夠起作用(即便只是在1%的細(xì)胞中)，這一事實(shí)也意味著科學(xué)家們有可能能夠利用CRISPR/Cas9來重排或是刪除其他的DNA大片段。
“還沒有很多的論文顯示以這樣的效率來缺失大片段。令人欣慰的是，這些細(xì)胞各處均未發(fā)生突變。”盡管一些關(guān)于CRISPR/Cas9的初期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一系統(tǒng)的許多脫靶效應(yīng)，近期的一些論文中卻較少發(fā)現(xiàn)這些有害的突變。
免疫細(xì)胞本來能防止人體受病原體攻擊，但是一些“壞免疫細(xì)胞”會(huì)攻擊人體自身組織，導(dǎo)致類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎和1型糖尿病等自體免疫疾病。日本研究人員在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)，一種干細(xì)胞能發(fā)育成抑制“壞免疫細(xì)胞”的細(xì)胞。這將有助于開發(fā)防治自體免疫疾病等的方法。
人體主要的免疫細(xì)胞——t細(xì)胞在心臟前面的胸腺中生成，其中有一些“壞T細(xì)胞”會(huì)將身體組織視為異物而加以攻擊，從而導(dǎo)致自體免疫疾病。胸腺髓質(zhì)上皮細(xì)胞能清除這些“壞T細(xì)胞”，但是研究人員一直沒有找到能發(fā)育成胸腺髓質(zhì)上皮細(xì)胞的干細(xì)胞，也不清楚其機(jī)制。
京都大學(xué)教授湊長(zhǎng)博率領(lǐng)的研究小組，將實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠的胸腺切碎后培養(yǎng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種具有干細(xì)胞特征的不斷重復(fù)增殖的細(xì)胞。他們將這種細(xì)胞移植回實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠體內(nèi)，發(fā)現(xiàn)其生成了胸腺髓質(zhì)上皮細(xì)胞，從而確認(rèn)這種細(xì)胞就是干細(xì)胞。將這種干細(xì)胞移植給因沒有胸腺而導(dǎo)致免疫系統(tǒng)無法正常發(fā)揮作用的實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠，結(jié)果，實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠的免疫功能在約一年半時(shí)間內(nèi)一直正常發(fā)揮作用。
研究小組在新一期《免疫》雜志網(wǎng)絡(luò)版上說，人類應(yīng)該也擁有發(fā)揮同樣作用的干細(xì)胞，所以保持了正常的免疫功能。如果能維持這種干細(xì)胞的功能，就能避免患上自體免疫性疾病。

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【公司名稱】 廣州健侖生物科技有限公司
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【公司地址】 廣州清華科技園創(chuàng)新基地番禺石樓鎮(zhèn)創(chuàng)啟路63號(hào)二期2幢101-103室

Burckstummer and his colleagues hoped to get rid of this large DNA fragment added on chromosome 19, making it easier to detect the function of genes on chromosome 15. "Using diploid cells to study, if you introduce mutations in a copy of a gene, its effects can be masked by another copy," said Burckstummer.
To remove the genetic material spanning 330 genes, nearly 30 million base pairs, researchers turned to CRISPR / Cas9 technology. They designed some primers that targeted Cas9 endonucleases to either end of this extra fragment, followed by screening of the resulting cell line - about 400 different clones - to find the correct deletion of this fragment Cell line. Both clones matched the desired end product: a complete haploid cell line was generated without an additional chromosome 15 portion.
Burckstummer said these haplotype cells would be of great use to geneticists trying to elucidate the effects of genetic mutations on human cells. But this is not just the only benefit of this new paper, but it also provides the first example of using the CRISPR / Cas9 system for such a large fragment of DNA. The fact that it works, even in just 1% of cells, means that scientists are likely to be able to use CRISPR / Cas9 to rearrange or delete other large DNA fragments.
"There are not many papers that show the loss of large fragments at this efficiency. Fortunay, none of these cells have been mutated anywhere." Although some initial CRISPR / Cas9 studies uncovered many of the off-target effects of this system In recent papers, however, these deleterious mutations have been found less often.
Immune cells could have prevented the body from being attacked by pathogens, but some "bad immune cells" attack the body's own tissues, leading to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes. Japanese researchers found in animal experiments that a stem cell can develop into cells that inhibit "bad immune cells". This will help to develop ways to combat autoimmune diseases and more.
The body's main immune cells, the t cells, are formed in the thymus in front of the heart. Some of these "bad T cells" attack body tissues as foreign bodies, leading to autoimmune diseases. Thymic medulla epithelium clears these "bad T cells," but researchers have not found stem cells that can develop into thymus medulla epithelium, nor do they know the mechanism.
A research team led by Kyoto University professor Chang Bobo, after cutting off the thymus of experimental mice, found a constantly proliferating cell with stem cell characteristics. They transplanted the cells back into the experimental mice and found that they produced thymus medulla epithelial cells, confirming that the cells were stem cells. Transplantation of such stem cells to mice whose immune system does not function properly without a thymus results in the normal functioning of the immune function of the mice for about a year and a half.
The team said in a new issue of the immunization magazine online that humans should also have stem cells that perform the same role and thus maintain normal immune function. If you can maintain the function of this stem cell, you can avoid suffering from autoimmune diseases.