MS medium is the most used tissue culture medium, of which many variations have been developed. The medium is originated from White’s medium and originally developed for the c*tion of Nicotiana tabacum calli. Compared to White medium, the concentration of all ingredients is increased. An increase to 50-60 mM nitrogen stimulated the growth of Nicotiana cells significantly, however a concentration of 80 mM and higher was clearly disadvantageous to the cells. The increase of all other elements, especially the macro -elements, also stimulated the growth of the calli. Due to the high concentration of minerals, MS medium is a very rich and -saline -medium and may be too salty to certain plant species. To avoid this problem, MS is often used with the micro elements in full concentration, but with the macro elements in respectively half or three-quarter of the concentration as originally described by the authors. Sometimes the original MS vitamines are replaced by the vitamins of Linsmaier and Gamborg B5 medium regarding the higher concentration of Thiamine in relation to the requirement of this vitamin by plants.

Micro Elements mg/l µM

CoCl2.6H2O 0.025 0.11

CuSO4.5H2O 0.025 0.10

FeNaEDTA 36.70 100.00

H3BO3 6.20 100.27

KI 0.83 5.00

MnSO4.H2O 16.90 100.00

Na2MoO4.2H2O 0.25 1.03

ZnSO4.7H2O 8.60 29.91

Macro Elements mg/l mM

CaCl2 332.02 2.99

KH2PO4 170.00 1.25

KNO3 1900.00 18.79

MgSO4 180.54 1.50

NH4NO3 1650.00 20.61

Vitamins mg/l µM

Glycine 2.00 26.64

myo-Inositol 100.00 554.94

Nicotinic acid 0.50 4.06

Pyridoxine HCl 0.50 2.43

Thiamine HCl 0.10 0.30

Total concentration Micro and Macro elements including vitamins: 4405.19 mg/l

Murashige T. and Skoog F., Physiol. Plant, 15, 473 (1962).

Murashige & Skoog培養基含維生素背景：

MS（Murashige & Skoog）培養基是極為常用的組織培養基，已經開發出許多改良形式。該培養基起源于White培養基，最初是為了種植煙草的愈傷組織而開發的。與White培養基相比，所有成分的濃度都增加了。增加到50-60 mM的氮會明顯刺激煙草細胞的生長，但是80 mM和更高的濃度顯然對細胞不利。所有其它元素（尤其是大量元素）的增加也刺激了愈傷組織的生長。由于礦物質的濃度很高，MS培養基是非常豐富和含鹽量高的培養基，對于某些植物物種可能太“咸"。為避免此問題，MS培養基通常與全濃度的微量元素一起使用，而大量元素的濃度分別為濃度的一半或四分之三。有時，原來的MS培養基種維生素被Linsmaier和Gamborg B5培養基中的維生素所取代，因為植物對硫胺素的需求量較大。Duchefa擁有多種MS 培養基方案。

Murashige & Skoog培養基含維生素#M0222.0050組成：

微量元素 毫克/升 微米

氯化鈷2.6H2O 0.025 0.11

銅酸4.5H2O 0.025 0.10

菲納多達 36.70 100.00

H3博3 6.20 100.27

基 0.83 5.00

錳硫4.H2O 16.90 100.00

那2哞4.2H2O 0.25 1.03

氧化鋅4.7H2O 8.60 29.91

宏元素 毫克/升 毫米

氯化鈣2 332.02 2.99

韓2采購訂單4 170.00 1.25

諾3 1900.00 18.79

鎂硫磺4 180.54 1.50

新罕布-什爾州4不3 1650.00 20.61

維生素 毫克/升 微米

甘-氨-酸 2.00 26.64

肌醇肌醇 100.00 554.94

煙-酸 0.50 4.06

鹽酸吡哆醇 0.50 2.43

鹽酸硫胺素 0.10 0.30

包括維生素在內的微觀和宏觀元素總濃度：4405.19毫克/升

Murashige T.和Skoog F.，Physiol. Plant，15，473（1962）。